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## SQLite Session Module C/C++ Interface

This page defines the C-language interface to the SQLite session extension. This is not a tutorial. These pages are designed to be precise, not easy to read. A tutorial is available separately.

This page contains all C-language interface information in a single HTML file. The same information is also available broken out into lots of small pages for easier viewing, if you prefer.

This document is created by a script which scans comments in the source code file sqlite3session.h.

## Objects:

## Constants:

## Functions:

## Changegroup Handle

>     typedef struct sqlite3_changegroup sqlite3_changegroup;

## Changeset Iterator Handle

>     typedef struct sqlite3_changeset_iter sqlite3_changeset_iter;

## Session Object Handle

>     typedef struct sqlite3_session sqlite3_session;

## Add A Changeset To A Changegroup

>     int sqlite3changegroup_add(sqlite3_changegroup*, int nData, void *pData);

Add all changes within the changeset (or patchset) in buffer pData (size nData bytes) to the changegroup.

If the buffer contains a patchset, then all prior calls to this function on the same changegroup object must also have specified patchsets. Or, if the buffer contains a changeset, so must have the earlier calls to this function. Otherwise, SQLITE_ERROR is returned and no changes are added to the changegroup.

Rows within the changeset and changegroup are identified by the values in their PRIMARY KEY columns. A change in the changeset is considered to apply to the same row as a change already present in the changegroup if the two rows have the same primary key.

Changes to rows that do not already appear in the changegroup are simply copied into it. Or, if both the new changeset and the changegroup contain changes that apply to a single row, the final contents of the changegroup depends on the type of each change, as follows:

Existing Change | New Change | Output Change
--- | --- | ---
INSERT | INSERT | The new change is ignored. This case does not occur if the new changeset was recorded immediately after the changesets already added to the changegroup.
INSERT | UPDATE | The INSERT change remains in the changegroup. The values in the INSERT change are modified as if the row was inserted by the existing change and then updated according to the new change.
INSERT | DELETE | The existing INSERT is removed from the changegroup. The DELETE is not added.
UPDATE | INSERT | The new change is ignored. This case does not occur if the new changeset was recorded immediately after the changesets already added to the changegroup.
UPDATE | UPDATE | The existing UPDATE remains within the changegroup. It is amended so that the accompanying values are as if the row was updated once by the existing change and then again by the new change.
UPDATE | DELETE | The existing UPDATE is replaced by the new DELETE within the changegroup.
DELETE | INSERT | If one or more of the column values in the row inserted by the new change differ from those in the row deleted by the existing change, the existing DELETE is replaced by an UPDATE within the changegroup. Otherwise, if the inserted row is exactly the same as the deleted row, the existing DELETE is simply discarded.
DELETE | UPDATE | The new change is ignored. This case does not occur if the new changeset was recorded immediately after the changesets already added to the changegroup.
DELETE | DELETE | The new change is ignored. This case does not occur if the new changeset was recorded immediately after the changesets already added to the changegroup.

If the new changeset contains changes to a table that is already present in the changegroup, then the number of columns and the position of the primary key columns for the table must be consistent. If this is not the case, this function fails with SQLITE_SCHEMA. If the input changeset appears to be corrupt and the corruption is detected, SQLITE_CORRUPT is returned. Or, if an out-of-memory condition occurs during processing, this function returns SQLITE_NOMEM. In all cases, if an error occurs the final contents of the changegroup is undefined.

If no error occurs, SQLITE_OK is returned.

## Delete A Changegroup Object

>     void sqlite3changegroup_delete(sqlite3_changegroup*);

## Create A New Changegroup Object

>     int sqlite3changegroup_new(sqlite3_changegroup **pp);

An sqlite3_changegroup object is used to combine two or more changesets (or patchsets) into a single changeset (or patchset). A single changegroup object may combine changesets or patchsets, but not both. The output is always in the same format as the input.

If successful, this function returns SQLITE_OK and populates (*pp) with a pointer to a new sqlite3_changegroup object before returning. The caller should eventually free the returned object using a call to sqlite3changegroup_delete(). If an error occurs, an SQLite error code (i.e. SQLITE_NOMEM) is returned and *pp is set to NULL.

The usual usage pattern for an sqlite3_changegroup object is as follows:

- It is created using a call to sqlite3changegroup_new().

- Zero or more changesets (or patchsets) are added to the object by calling sqlite3changegroup_add().

- The result of combining all input changesets together is obtained by the application via a call to sqlite3changegroup_output().

- The object is deleted using a call to sqlite3changegroup_delete().

Any number of calls to add() and output() may be made between the calls to new() and delete(), and in any order.

As well as the regular sqlite3changegroup_add() and sqlite3changegroup_output() functions, also available are the streaming versions sqlite3changegroup_add_strm() and sqlite3changegroup_output_strm().

## Obtain A Composite Changeset From A Changegroup

>     int sqlite3changegroup_output(
>       sqlite3_changegroup*,
>       int *pnData,                    /* OUT: Size of output buffer in bytes */
>       void **ppData                   /* OUT: Pointer to output buffer */
>     );

Obtain a buffer containing a changeset (or patchset) representing the current contents of the changegroup. If the inputs to the changegroup were themselves changesets, the output is a changeset. Or, if the inputs were patchsets, the output is also a patchset.

As with the output of the sqlite3session_changeset() and sqlite3session_patchset() functions, all changes related to a single table are grouped together in the output of this function. Tables appear in the same order as for the very first changeset added to the changegroup. If the second or subsequent changesets added to the changegroup contain changes for tables that do not appear in the first changeset, they are appended onto the end of the output changeset, again in the order in which they are first encountered.

If an error occurs, an SQLite error code is returned and the output variables (*pnData) and (*ppData) are set to 0. Otherwise, SQLITE_OK is returned and the output variables are set to the size of and a pointer to the output buffer, respectively. In this case it is the responsibility of the caller to eventually free the buffer using a call to sqlite3_free().

## Apply A Changeset To A Database

>     int sqlite3changeset_apply(
>       sqlite3 *db,                    /* Apply change to "main" db of this handle */
>       int nChangeset,                 /* Size of changeset in bytes */
>       void *pChangeset,               /* Changeset blob */
>       int(*xFilter)(
>         void *pCtx,                   /* Copy of sixth arg to _apply() */
>         const char *zTab              /* Table name */
>       ),
>       int(*xConflict)(
>         void *pCtx,                   /* Copy of sixth arg to _apply() */
>         int eConflict,                /* DATA, MISSING, CONFLICT, CONSTRAINT */
>         sqlite3_changeset_iter *p     /* Handle describing change and conflict */
>       ),
>       void *pCtx                      /* First argument passed to xConflict */
>     );

Apply a changeset to a database. This function attempts to update the "main" database attached to handle db with the changes found in the changeset passed via the second and third arguments.

The fourth argument (xFilter) passed to this function is the "filter callback". If it is not NULL, then for each table affected by at least one change in the changeset, the filter callback is invoked with the table name as the second argument, and a copy of the context pointer passed as the sixth argument to this function as the first. If the "filter callback" returns zero, then no attempt is made to apply any changes to the table. Otherwise, if the return value is non-zero or the xFilter argument to this function is NULL, all changes related to the table are attempted.

For each table that is not excluded by the filter callback, this function tests that the target database contains a compatible table. A table is considered compatible if all of the following are true:

- The table has the same name as the name recorded in the changeset, and
- The table has the same number of columns as recorded in the changeset, and
- The table has primary key columns in the same position as recorded in the changeset.

If there is no compatible table, it is not an error, but none of the changes associated with the table are applied. A warning message is issued via the sqlite3_log() mechanism with the error code SQLITE_SCHEMA. At most one such warning is issued for each table in the changeset.

For each change for which there is a compatible table, an attempt is made to modify the table contents according to the UPDATE, INSERT or DELETE change. If a change cannot be applied cleanly, the conflict handler function passed as the fifth argument to sqlite3changeset_apply() may be invoked. A description of exactly when the conflict handler is invoked for each type of change is below.

Unlike the xFilter argument, xConflict may not be passed NULL. The results of passing anything other than a valid function pointer as the xConflict argument are undefined.

Each time the conflict handler function is invoked, it must return one of SQLITE_CHANGESET_OMIT, SQLITE_CHANGESET_ABORT or SQLITE_CHANGESET_REPLACE. SQLITE_CHANGESET_REPLACE may only be returned if the second argument passed to the conflict handler is either SQLITE_CHANGESET_DATA or SQLITE_CHANGESET_CONFLICT. If the conflict-handler returns an illegal value, any changes already made are rolled back and the call to sqlite3changeset_apply() returns SQLITE_MISUSE. Different actions are taken by sqlite3changeset_apply() depending on the value returned by each invocation of the conflict-handler function. Refer to the documentation for the three available return values for details.

DELETE Changes
  For each DELETE change, this function checks if the target database contains a row with the same primary key value (or values) as the original row values stored in the changeset. If it does, and the values stored in all non-primary key columns also match the values stored in the changeset the row is deleted from the target database.

  If a row with matching primary key values is found, but one or more of the non-primary key fields contains a value different from the original row value stored in the changeset, the conflict-handler function is invoked with SQLITE_CHANGESET_DATA as the second argument.

  If no row with matching primary key values is found in the database, the conflict-handler function is invoked with SQLITE_CHANGESET_NOTFOUND passed as the second argument.

  If the DELETE operation is attempted, but SQLite returns SQLITE_CONSTRAINT (which can only happen if a foreign key constraint is violated), the conflict-handler function is invoked with SQLITE_CHANGESET_CONSTRAINT passed as the second argument. This includes the case where the DELETE operation is attempted because an earlier call to the conflict handler function returned SQLITE_CHANGESET_REPLACE.

INSERT Changes
  For each INSERT change, an attempt is made to insert the new row into the database.

  If the attempt to insert the row fails because the database already contains a row with the same primary key values, the conflict handler function is invoked with the second argument set to SQLITE_CHANGESET_CONFLICT.

  If the attempt to insert the row fails because of some other constraint violation (e.g. NOT NULL or UNIQUE), the conflict handler function is invoked with the second argument set to SQLITE_CHANGESET_CONSTRAINT. This includes the case where the INSERT operation is re-attempted because an earlier call to the conflict handler function returned SQLITE_CHANGESET_REPLACE.

UPDATE Changes
  For each UPDATE change, this function checks if the target database contains a row with the same primary key value (or values) as the original row values stored in the changeset. If it does, and the values stored in all non-primary key columns also match the values stored in the changeset the row is updated within the target database.

  If a row with matching primary key values is found, but one or more of the non-primary key fields contains a value different from an original row value stored in the changeset, the conflict-handler function is invoked with SQLITE_CHANGESET_DATA as the second argument. Since UPDATE changes only contain values for non-primary key fields that are to be modified, only those fields need to match the original values to avoid the SQLITE_CHANGESET_DATA conflict-handler callback.

  If no row with matching primary key values is found in the database, the conflict-handler function is invoked with SQLITE_CHANGESET_NOTFOUND passed as the second argument.

  If the UPDATE operation is attempted, but SQLite returns SQLITE_CONSTRAINT, the conflict-handler function is invoked with SQLITE_CHANGESET_CONSTRAINT passed as the second argument. This includes the case where the UPDATE operation is attempted after an earlier call to the conflict handler function returned SQLITE_CHANGESET_REPLACE.

It is safe to execute SQL statements, including those that write to the table that the callback related to, from within the xConflict callback. This can be used to further customize the applications conflict resolution strategy.

All changes made by this function are enclosed in a savepoint transaction. If any other error (aside from a constraint failure when attempting to write to the target database) occurs, then the savepoint transaction is rolled back, restoring the target database to its original state, and an SQLite error code returned.

## Concatenate Two Changeset Objects

>     int sqlite3changeset_concat(
>       int nA,                         /* Number of bytes in buffer pA */
>       void *pA,                       /* Pointer to buffer containing changeset A */
>       int nB,                         /* Number of bytes in buffer pB */
>       void *pB,                       /* Pointer to buffer containing changeset B */
>       int *pnOut,                     /* OUT: Number of bytes in output changeset */
>       void **ppOut                    /* OUT: Buffer containing output changeset */
>     );

This function is used to concatenate two changesets, A and B, into a single changeset. The result is a changeset equivalent to applying changeset A followed by changeset B.

This function combines the two input changesets using an sqlite3_changegroup object. Calling it produces similar results as the following code fragment:

sqlite3_changegroup *pGrp; rc = sqlite3_changegroup_new(&pGrp); if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = sqlite3changegroup_add(pGrp, nA, pA); if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = sqlite3changegroup_add(pGrp, nB, pB); if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){ rc = sqlite3changegroup_output(pGrp, pnOut, ppOut); }else{ *ppOut = 0; *pnOut = 0; }

Refer to the sqlite3_changegroup documentation below for details.

## Obtain Conflicting Row Values From A Changeset Iterator

>     int sqlite3changeset_conflict(
>       sqlite3_changeset_iter *pIter,  /* Changeset iterator */
>       int iVal,                       /* Column number */
>       sqlite3_value **ppValue         /* OUT: Value from conflicting row */
>     );

This function should only be used with iterator objects passed to a conflict-handler callback by sqlite3changeset_apply() with either SQLITE_CHANGESET_DATA or SQLITE_CHANGESET_CONFLICT. If this function is called on any other iterator, SQLITE_MISUSE is returned and *ppValue is set to NULL.

Argument iVal must be greater than or equal to 0, and less than the number of columns in the table affected by the current change. Otherwise, SQLITE_RANGE is returned and *ppValue is set to NULL.

If successful, this function sets *ppValue to point to a protected sqlite3_value object containing the iVal'th value from the "conflicting row" associated with the current conflict-handler callback and returns SQLITE_OK.

If some other error occurs (e.g. an OOM condition), an SQLite error code is returned and *ppValue is set to NULL.

## Finalize A Changeset Iterator

>     int sqlite3changeset_finalize(sqlite3_changeset_iter *pIter);

This function is used to finalize an iterator allocated with sqlite3changeset_start().

This function should only be called on iterators created using the sqlite3changeset_start() function. If an application calls this function with an iterator passed to a conflict-handler by sqlite3changeset_apply(), SQLITE_MISUSE is immediately returned and the call has no effect.

If an error was encountered within a call to an sqlite3changeset_xxx() function (for example an SQLITE_CORRUPT in sqlite3changeset_next() or an SQLITE_NOMEM in sqlite3changeset_new()) then an error code corresponding to that error is returned by this function. Otherwise, SQLITE_OK is returned. This is to allow the following pattern (pseudo-code):

sqlite3changeset_start(); while( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3changeset_next() ){ // Do something with change. } rc = sqlite3changeset_finalize(); if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){ // An error has occurred }

## Determine The Number Of Foreign Key Constraint Violations

>     int sqlite3changeset_fk_conflicts(
>       sqlite3_changeset_iter *pIter,  /* Changeset iterator */
>       int *pnOut                      /* OUT: Number of FK violations */
>     );

This function may only be called with an iterator passed to an SQLITE_CHANGESET_FOREIGN_KEY conflict handler callback. In this case it sets the output variable to the total number of known foreign key violations in the destination database and returns SQLITE_OK.

In all other cases this function returns SQLITE_MISUSE.

## Invert A Changeset

>     int sqlite3changeset_invert(
>       int nIn, const void *pIn,       /* Input changeset */
>       int *pnOut, void **ppOut        /* OUT: Inverse of input */
>     );

This function is used to "invert" a changeset object. Applying an inverted changeset to a database reverses the effects of applying the uninverted changeset. Specifically:

- Each DELETE change is changed to an INSERT, and
- Each INSERT change is changed to a DELETE, and
- For each UPDATE change, the old.* and new.* values are exchanged.

This function does not change the order in which changes appear within the changeset. It merely reverses the sense of each individual change.

If successful, a pointer to a buffer containing the inverted changeset is stored in *ppOut, the size of the same buffer is stored in *pnOut, and SQLITE_OK is returned. If an error occurs, both *pnOut and *ppOut are zeroed and an SQLite error code returned.

It is the responsibility of the caller to eventually call sqlite3_free() on the *ppOut pointer to free the buffer allocation following a successful call to this function.

WARNING/TODO: This function currently assumes that the input is a valid changeset. If it is not, the results are undefined.

## Obtain new.* Values From A Changeset Iterator

>     int sqlite3changeset_new(
>       sqlite3_changeset_iter *pIter,  /* Changeset iterator */
>       int iVal,                       /* Column number */
>       sqlite3_value **ppValue         /* OUT: New value (or NULL pointer) */
>     );

The pIter argument passed to this function may either be an iterator passed to a conflict-handler by sqlite3changeset_apply(), or an iterator created by sqlite3changeset_start(). In the latter case, the most recent call to sqlite3changeset_next() must have returned SQLITE_ROW. Furthermore, it may only be called if the type of change that the iterator currently points to is either SQLITE_UPDATE or SQLITE_INSERT. Otherwise, this function returns SQLITE_MISUSE and sets *ppValue to NULL.

Argument iVal must be greater than or equal to 0, and less than the number of columns in the table affected by the current change. Otherwise, SQLITE_RANGE is returned and *ppValue is set to NULL.

If successful, this function sets *ppValue to point to a protected sqlite3_value object containing the iVal'th value from the vector of new row values stored as part of the UPDATE or INSERT change and returns SQLITE_OK. If the change is an UPDATE and does not include a new value for the requested column, *ppValue is set to NULL and SQLITE_OK returned. The name of the function comes from the fact that this is similar to the "new.*" columns available to update or delete triggers.

If some other error occurs (e.g. an OOM condition), an SQLite error code is returned and *ppValue is set to NULL.

## Advance A Changeset Iterator

>     int sqlite3changeset_next(sqlite3_changeset_iter *pIter);

This function may only be used with iterators created by function sqlite3changeset_start(). If it is called on an iterator passed to a conflict-handler callback by sqlite3changeset_apply(), SQLITE_MISUSE is returned and the call has no effect.

Immediately after an iterator is created by sqlite3changeset_start(), it does not point to any change in the changeset. Assuming the changeset is not empty, the first call to this function advances the iterator to point to the first change in the changeset. Each subsequent call advances the iterator to point to the next change in the changeset (if any). If no error occurs and the iterator points to a valid change after a call to sqlite3changeset_next() has advanced it, SQLITE_ROW is returned. Otherwise, if all changes in the changeset have already been visited, SQLITE_DONE is returned.

If an error occurs, an SQLite error code is returned. Possible error codes include SQLITE_CORRUPT (if the changeset buffer is corrupt) or SQLITE_NOMEM.

## Obtain old.* Values From A Changeset Iterator

>     int sqlite3changeset_old(
>       sqlite3_changeset_iter *pIter,  /* Changeset iterator */
>       int iVal,                       /* Column number */
>       sqlite3_value **ppValue         /* OUT: Old value (or NULL pointer) */
>     );

The pIter argument passed to this function may either be an iterator passed to a conflict-handler by sqlite3changeset_apply(), or an iterator created by sqlite3changeset_start(). In the latter case, the most recent call to sqlite3changeset_next() must have returned SQLITE_ROW. Furthermore, it may only be called if the type of change that the iterator currently points to is either SQLITE_DELETE or SQLITE_UPDATE. Otherwise, this function returns SQLITE_MISUSE and sets *ppValue to NULL.

Argument iVal must be greater than or equal to 0, and less than the number of columns in the table affected by the current change. Otherwise, SQLITE_RANGE is returned and *ppValue is set to NULL.

If successful, this function sets *ppValue to point to a protected sqlite3_value object containing the iVal'th value from the vector of original row values stored as part of the UPDATE or DELETE change and returns SQLITE_OK. The name of the function comes from the fact that this is similar to the "old.*" columns available to update or delete triggers.

If some other error occurs (e.g. an OOM condition), an SQLite error code is returned and *ppValue is set to NULL.

## Obtain The Current Operation From A Changeset Iterator

>     int sqlite3changeset_op(
>       sqlite3_changeset_iter *pIter,  /* Iterator object */
>       const char **pzTab,             /* OUT: Pointer to table name */
>       int *pnCol,                     /* OUT: Number of columns in table */
>       int *pOp,                       /* OUT: SQLITE_INSERT, DELETE or UPDATE */
>       int *pbIndirect                 /* OUT: True for an 'indirect' change */
>     );

The pIter argument passed to this function may either be an iterator passed to a conflict-handler by sqlite3changeset_apply(), or an iterator created by sqlite3changeset_start(). In the latter case, the most recent call to sqlite3changeset_next() must have returned SQLITE_ROW. If this is not the case, this function returns SQLITE_MISUSE.

If argument pzTab is not NULL, then *pzTab is set to point to a nul-terminated utf-8 encoded string containing the name of the table affected by the current change. The buffer remains valid until either sqlite3changeset_next() is called on the iterator or until the conflict-handler function returns. If pnCol is not NULL, then *pnCol is set to the number of columns in the table affected by the change. If pbIncorrect is not NULL, then *pbIndirect is set to true (1) if the change is an indirect change, or false (0) otherwise. See the documentation for sqlite3session_indirect() for a description of direct and indirect changes. Finally, if pOp is not NULL, then *pOp is set to one of SQLITE_INSERT, SQLITE_DELETE or SQLITE_UPDATE, depending on the type of change that the iterator currently points to.

If no error occurs, SQLITE_OK is returned. If an error does occur, an SQLite error code is returned. The values of the output variables may not be trusted in this case.

## Obtain The Primary Key Definition Of A Table

>     int sqlite3changeset_pk(
>       sqlite3_changeset_iter *pIter,  /* Iterator object */
>       unsigned char **pabPK,          /* OUT: Array of boolean - true for PK cols */
>       int *pnCol                      /* OUT: Number of entries in output array */
>     );

For each modified table, a changeset includes the following:

- The number of columns in the table, and
- Which of those columns make up the tables PRIMARY KEY.

This function is used to find which columns comprise the PRIMARY KEY of the table modified by the change that iterator pIter currently points to. If successful, *pabPK is set to point to an array of nCol entries, where nCol is the number of columns in the table. Elements of *pabPK are set to 0x01 if the corresponding column is part of the tables primary key, or 0x00 if it is not.

If argument pnCol is not NULL, then *pnCol is set to the number of columns in the table.

If this function is called when the iterator does not point to a valid entry, SQLITE_MISUSE is returned and the output variables zeroed. Otherwise, SQLITE_OK is returned and the output variables populated as described above.

## Create An Iterator To Traverse A Changeset

>     int sqlite3changeset_start(
>       sqlite3_changeset_iter **pp,    /* OUT: New changeset iterator handle */
>       int nChangeset,                 /* Size of changeset blob in bytes */
>       void *pChangeset                /* Pointer to blob containing changeset */
>     );

Create an iterator used to iterate through the contents of a changeset. If successful, *pp is set to point to the iterator handle and SQLITE_OK is returned. Otherwise, if an error occurs, *pp is set to zero and an SQLite error code is returned.

The following functions can be used to advance and query a changeset iterator created by this function:

- sqlite3changeset_next()
- sqlite3changeset_op()
- sqlite3changeset_new()
- sqlite3changeset_old()

It is the responsibility of the caller to eventually destroy the iterator by passing it to sqlite3changeset_finalize(). The buffer containing the changeset (pChangeset) must remain valid until after the iterator is destroyed.

Assuming the changeset blob was created by one of the sqlite3session_changeset(), sqlite3changeset_concat() or sqlite3changeset_invert() functions, all changes within the changeset that apply to a single table are grouped together. This means that when an application iterates through a changeset using an iterator created by this function, all changes that relate to a single table are visited consecutively. There is no chance that the iterator will visit a change the applies to table X, then one for table Y, and then later on visit another change for table X.

## Attach A Table To A Session Object

>     int sqlite3session_attach(
>       sqlite3_session *pSession,      /* Session object */
>       const char *zTab                /* Table name */
>     );

If argument zTab is not NULL, then it is the name of a table to attach to the session object passed as the first argument. All subsequent changes made to the table while the session object is enabled will be recorded. See documentation for sqlite3session_changeset() for further details.

Or, if argument zTab is NULL, then changes are recorded for all tables in the database. If additional tables are added to the database (by executing "CREATE TABLE" statements) after this call is made, changes for the new tables are also recorded.

Changes can only be recorded for tables that have a PRIMARY KEY explicitly defined as part of their CREATE TABLE statement. It does not matter if the PRIMARY KEY is an "INTEGER PRIMARY KEY" (rowid alias) or not. The PRIMARY KEY may consist of a single column, or may be a composite key.

It is not an error if the named table does not exist in the database. Nor is it an error if the named table does not have a PRIMARY KEY. However, no changes will be recorded in either of these scenarios.

Changes are not recorded for individual rows that have NULL values stored in one or more of their PRIMARY KEY columns.

SQLITE_OK is returned if the call completes without error. Or, if an error occurs, an SQLite error code (e.g. SQLITE_NOMEM) is returned.

## Generate A Changeset From A Session Object

>     int sqlite3session_changeset(
>       sqlite3_session *pSession,      /* Session object */
>       int *pnChangeset,               /* OUT: Size of buffer at *ppChangeset */
>       void **ppChangeset              /* OUT: Buffer containing changeset */
>     );

Obtain a changeset containing changes to the tables attached to the session object passed as the first argument. If successful, set *ppChangeset to point to a buffer containing the changeset and *pnChangeset to the size of the changeset in bytes before returning SQLITE_OK. If an error occurs, set both *ppChangeset and *pnChangeset to zero and return an SQLite error code.

A changeset consists of zero or more INSERT, UPDATE and/or DELETE changes, each representing a change to a single row of an attached table. An INSERT change contains the values of each field of a new database row. A DELETE contains the original values of each field of a deleted database row. An UPDATE change contains the original values of each field of an updated database row along with the updated values for each updated non-primary-key column. It is not possible for an UPDATE change to represent a change that modifies the values of primary key columns. If such a change is made, it is represented in a changeset as a DELETE followed by an INSERT.

Changes are not recorded for rows that have NULL values stored in one or more of their PRIMARY KEY columns. If such a row is inserted or deleted, no corresponding change is present in the changesets returned by this function. If an existing row with one or more NULL values stored in PRIMARY KEY columns is updated so that all PRIMARY KEY columns are non-NULL, only an INSERT is appears in the changeset. Similarly, if an existing row with non-NULL PRIMARY KEY values is updated so that one or more of its PRIMARY KEY columns are set to NULL, the resulting changeset contains a DELETE change only.

The contents of a changeset may be traversed using an iterator created using the sqlite3changeset_start() API. A changeset may be applied to a database with a compatible schema using the sqlite3changeset_apply() API.

Within a changeset generated by this function, all changes related to a single table are grouped together. In other words, when iterating through a changeset or when applying a changeset to a database, all changes related to a single table are processed before moving on to the next table. Tables are sorted in the same order in which they were attached (or auto-attached) to the sqlite3_session object. The order in which the changes related to a single table are stored is undefined.

Following a successful call to this function, it is the responsibility of the caller to eventually free the buffer that *ppChangeset points to using sqlite3_free().

### Changeset Generation

Once a table has been attached to a session object, the session object records the primary key values of all new rows inserted into the table. It also records the original primary key and other column values of any deleted or updated rows. For each unique primary key value, data is only recorded once - the first time a row with said primary key is inserted, updated or deleted in the lifetime of the session.

There is one exception to the previous paragraph: when a row is inserted, updated or deleted, if one or more of its primary key columns contain a NULL value, no record of the change is made.

The session object therefore accumulates two types of records - those that consist of primary key values only (created when the user inserts a new record) and those that consist of the primary key values and the original values of other table columns (created when the users deletes or updates a record).

When this function is called, the requested changeset is created using both the accumulated records and the current contents of the database file. Specifically:

- For each record generated by an insert, the database is queried for a row with a matching primary key. If one is found, an INSERT change is added to the changeset. If no such row is found, no change is added to the changeset.

- For each record generated by an update or delete, the database is queried for a row with a matching primary key. If such a row is found and one or more of the non-primary key fields have been modified from their original values, an UPDATE change is added to the changeset. Or, if no such row is found in the table, a DELETE change is added to the changeset. If there is a row with a matching primary key in the database, but all fields contain their original values, no change is added to the changeset.

This means, amongst other things, that if a row is inserted and then later deleted while a session object is active, neither the insert nor the delete will be present in the changeset. Or if a row is deleted and then later a row with the same primary key values inserted while a session object is active, the resulting changeset will contain an UPDATE change instead of a DELETE and an INSERT.

When a session object is disabled (see the sqlite3session_enable() API), it does not accumulate records when rows are inserted, updated or deleted. This may appear to have some counter-intuitive effects if a single row is written to more than once during a session. For example, if a row is inserted while a session object is enabled, then later deleted while the same session object is disabled, no INSERT record will appear in the changeset, even though the delete took place while the session was disabled. Or, if one field of a row is updated while a session is disabled, and another field of the same row is updated while the session is enabled, the resulting changeset will contain an UPDATE change that updates both fields.

## Create A New Session Object

>     int sqlite3session_create(
>       sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle */
>       const char *zDb,                /* Name of db (e.g. "main") */
>       sqlite3_session **ppSession     /* OUT: New session object */
>     );

Create a new session object attached to database handle db. If successful, a pointer to the new object is written to *ppSession and SQLITE_OK is returned. If an error occurs, *ppSession is set to NULL and an SQLite error code (e.g. SQLITE_NOMEM) is returned.

It is possible to create multiple session objects attached to a single database handle.

Session objects created using this function should be deleted using the sqlite3session_delete() function before the database handle that they are attached to is itself closed. If the database handle is closed before the session object is deleted, then the results of calling any session module function, including sqlite3session_delete() on the session object are undefined.

Because the session module uses the sqlite3_preupdate_hook() API, it is not possible for an application to register a pre-update hook on a database handle that has one or more session objects attached. Nor is it possible to create a session object attached to a database handle for which a pre-update hook is already defined. The results of attempting either of these things are undefined.

The session object will be used to create changesets for tables in database zDb, where zDb is either "main", or "temp", or the name of an attached database. It is not an error if database zDb is not attached to the database when the session object is created.

## Delete A Session Object

>     void sqlite3session_delete(sqlite3_session *pSession);

Delete a session object previously allocated using sqlite3session_create(). Once a session object has been deleted, the results of attempting to use pSession with any other session module function are undefined.

Session objects must be deleted before the database handle to which they are attached is closed. Refer to the documentation for sqlite3session_create() for details.

## Load The Difference Between Tables Into A Session

>     int sqlite3session_diff(
>       sqlite3_session *pSession,
>       const char *zFromDb,
>       const char *zTbl,
>       char **pzErrMsg
>     );

If it is not already attached to the session object passed as the first argument, this function attaches table zTbl in the same manner as the sqlite3session_attach() function. If zTbl does not exist, or if it does not have a primary key, this function is a no-op (but does not return an error).

Argument zFromDb must be the name of a database ("main", "temp" etc.) attached to the same database handle as the session object that contains a table compatible with the table attached to the session by this function. A table is considered compatible if it:

- Has the same name,
- Has the same set of columns declared in the same order, and
- Has the same PRIMARY KEY definition.

If the tables are not compatible, SQLITE_SCHEMA is returned. If the tables are compatible but do not have any PRIMARY KEY columns, it is not an error but no changes are added to the session object. As with other session APIs, tables without PRIMARY KEYs are simply ignored.

This function adds a set of changes to the session object that could be used to update the table in database zFrom (call this the "from-table") so that its content is the same as the table attached to the session object (call this the "to-table"). Specifically:

- For each row (primary key) that exists in the to-table but not in the from-table, an INSERT record is added to the session object.

- For each row (primary key) that exists in the to-table but not in the from-table, a DELETE record is added to the session object.

- For each row (primary key) that exists in both tables, but features different in each, an UPDATE record is added to the session.

To clarify, if this function is called and then a changeset constructed using sqlite3session_changeset(), then after applying that changeset to database zFrom the contents of the two compatible tables would be identical.

It an error if database zFrom does not exist or does not contain the required compatible table.

If the operation successful, SQLITE_OK is returned. Otherwise, an SQLite error code. In this case, if argument pzErrMsg is not NULL, *pzErrMsg may be set to point to a buffer containing an English language error message. It is the responsibility of the caller to free this buffer using sqlite3_free().

## Enable Or Disable A Session Object

>     int sqlite3session_enable(sqlite3_session *pSession, int bEnable);

Enable or disable the recording of changes by a session object. When enabled, a session object records changes made to the database. When disabled - it does not. A newly created session object is enabled. Refer to the documentation for sqlite3session_changeset() for further details regarding how enabling and disabling a session object affects the eventual changesets.

Passing zero to this function disables the session. Passing a value greater than zero enables it. Passing a value less than zero is a no-op, and may be used to query the current state of the session.

The return value indicates the final state of the session object: 0 if the session is disabled, or 1 if it is enabled.

## Set Or Clear the Indirect Change Flag

>     int sqlite3session_indirect(sqlite3_session *pSession, int bIndirect);

Each change recorded by a session object is marked as either direct or indirect. A change is marked as indirect if either:

- The session object "indirect" flag is set when the change is made, or
- The change is made by an SQL trigger or foreign key action instead of directly as a result of a users SQL statement.

If a single row is affected by more than one operation within a session, then the change is considered indirect if all operations meet the criteria for an indirect change above, or direct otherwise.

This function is used to set, clear or query the session object indirect flag. If the second argument passed to this function is zero, then the indirect flag is cleared. If it is greater than zero, the indirect flag is set. Passing a value less than zero does not modify the current value of the indirect flag, and may be used to query the current state of the indirect flag for the specified session object.

The return value indicates the final state of the indirect flag: 0 if it is clear, or 1 if it is set.

## Test if a changeset has recorded any changes.

>     int sqlite3session_isempty(sqlite3_session *pSession);

Return non-zero if no changes to attached tables have been recorded by the session object passed as the first argument. Otherwise, if one or more changes have been recorded, return zero.

Even if this function returns zero, it is possible that calling sqlite3session_changeset() on the session handle may still return a changeset that contains no changes. This can happen when a row in an attached table is modified and then later on the original values are restored. However, if this function returns non-zero, then it is guaranteed that a call to sqlite3session_changeset() will return a changeset containing zero changes.

## Generate A Patchset From A Session Object

>     int sqlite3session_patchset(
>       sqlite3_session *pSession,      /* Session object */
>       int *pnPatchset,                /* OUT: Size of buffer at *ppChangeset */
>       void **ppPatchset               /* OUT: Buffer containing changeset */
>     );

The differences between a patchset and a changeset are that:

- DELETE records consist of the primary key fields only. The original values of other fields are omitted.
- The original values of any modified fields are omitted from UPDATE records.

A patchset blob may be used with up to date versions of all sqlite3changeset_xxx API functions except for sqlite3changeset_invert(), which returns SQLITE_CORRUPT if it is passed a patchset. Similarly, attempting to use a patchset blob with old versions of the sqlite3changeset_xxx APIs also provokes an SQLITE_CORRUPT error.

Because the non-primary key "old.*" fields are omitted, no SQLITE_CHANGESET_DATA conflicts can be detected or reported if a patchset is passed to the sqlite3changeset_apply() API. Other conflict types work in the same way as for changesets.

Changes within a patchset are ordered in the same way as for changesets generated by the sqlite3session_changeset() function (i.e. all changes for a single table are grouped together, tables appear in the order in which they were attached to the session object).

## Set a table filter on a Session Object.

>     void sqlite3session_table_filter(
>       sqlite3_session *pSession,      /* Session object */
>       int(*xFilter)(
>         void *pCtx,                   /* Copy of third arg to _filter_table() */
>         const char *zTab              /* Table name */
>       ),
>       void *pCtx                      /* First argument passed to xFilter */
>     );

The second argument (xFilter) is the "filter callback". For changes to rows in tables that are not attached to the Session object, the filter is called to determine whether changes to the table's rows should be tracked or not. If xFilter returns 0, changes is not tracked. Note that once a table is attached, xFilter will not be called again.

## Constants Returned By The Conflict Handler

>     #define SQLITE_CHANGESET_OMIT       0
>     #define SQLITE_CHANGESET_REPLACE    1
>     #define SQLITE_CHANGESET_ABORT      2

A conflict handler callback must return one of the following three values.

SQLITE_CHANGESET_OMIT
  If a conflict handler returns this value no special action is taken. The change that caused the conflict is not applied. The session module continues to the next change in the changeset.

SQLITE_CHANGESET_REPLACE
  This value may only be returned if the second argument to the conflict handler was SQLITE_CHANGESET_DATA or SQLITE_CHANGESET_CONFLICT. If this is not the case, any changes applied so far are rolled back and the call to sqlite3changeset_apply() returns SQLITE_MISUSE.

  If CHANGESET_REPLACE is returned by an SQLITE_CHANGESET_DATA conflict handler, then the conflicting row is either updated or deleted, depending on the type of change.

  If CHANGESET_REPLACE is returned by an SQLITE_CHANGESET_CONFLICT conflict handler, then the conflicting row is removed from the database and a second attempt to apply the change is made. If this second attempt fails, the original row is restored to the database before continuing.

SQLITE_CHANGESET_ABORT
  If this value is returned, any changes applied so far are rolled back and the call to sqlite3changeset_apply() returns SQLITE_ABORT.

## Constants Passed To The Conflict Handler

>     #define SQLITE_CHANGESET_DATA        1
>     #define SQLITE_CHANGESET_NOTFOUND    2
>     #define SQLITE_CHANGESET_CONFLICT    3
>     #define SQLITE_CHANGESET_CONSTRAINT  4
>     #define SQLITE_CHANGESET_FOREIGN_KEY 5

Values that may be passed as the second argument to a conflict-handler.

SQLITE_CHANGESET_DATA
  The conflict handler is invoked with CHANGESET_DATA as the second argument when processing a DELETE or UPDATE change if a row with the required PRIMARY KEY fields is present in the database, but one or more other (non primary-key) fields modified by the update do not contain the expected "before" values.

  The conflicting row, in this case, is the database row with the matching primary key.

SQLITE_CHANGESET_NOTFOUND
  The conflict handler is invoked with CHANGESET_NOTFOUND as the second argument when processing a DELETE or UPDATE change if a row with the required PRIMARY KEY fields is not present in the database.

  There is no conflicting row in this case. The results of invoking the sqlite3changeset_conflict() API are undefined.

SQLITE_CHANGESET_CONFLICT
  CHANGESET_CONFLICT is passed as the second argument to the conflict handler while processing an INSERT change if the operation would result in duplicate primary key values.

  The conflicting row in this case is the database row with the matching primary key.

SQLITE_CHANGESET_FOREIGN_KEY
  If foreign key handling is enabled, and applying a changeset leaves the database in a state containing foreign key violations, the conflict handler is invoked with CHANGESET_FOREIGN_KEY as the second argument exactly once before the changeset is committed. If the conflict handler returns CHANGESET_OMIT, the changes, including those that caused the foreign key constraint violation, are committed. Or, if it returns CHANGESET_ABORT, the changeset is rolled back.

  No current or conflicting row information is provided. The only function it is possible to call on the supplied sqlite3_changeset_iter handle is sqlite3changeset_fk_conflicts().

SQLITE_CHANGESET_CONSTRAINT
  If any other constraint violation occurs while applying a change (i.e. a UNIQUE, CHECK or NOT NULL constraint), the conflict handler is invoked with CHANGESET_CONSTRAINT as the second argument.

  There is no conflicting row in this case. The results of invoking the sqlite3changeset_conflict() API are undefined.

## Streaming Versions of API functions.

>     int sqlite3changeset_apply_strm(
>       sqlite3 *db,                    /* Apply change to "main" db of this handle */
>       int (*xInput)(void *pIn, void *pData, int *pnData), /* Input function */
>       void *pIn,                                          /* First arg for xInput */
>       int(*xFilter)(
>         void *pCtx,                   /* Copy of sixth arg to _apply() */
>         const char *zTab              /* Table name */
>       ),
>       int(*xConflict)(
>         void *pCtx,                   /* Copy of sixth arg to _apply() */
>         int eConflict,                /* DATA, MISSING, CONFLICT, CONSTRAINT */
>         sqlite3_changeset_iter *p     /* Handle describing change and conflict */
>       ),
>       void *pCtx                      /* First argument passed to xConflict */
>     );
>     int sqlite3changeset_concat_strm(
>       int (*xInputA)(void *pIn, void *pData, int *pnData),
>       void *pInA,
>       int (*xInputB)(void *pIn, void *pData, int *pnData),
>       void *pInB,
>       int (*xOutput)(void *pOut, const void *pData, int nData),
>       void *pOut
>     );
>     int sqlite3changeset_invert_strm(
>       int (*xInput)(void *pIn, void *pData, int *pnData),
>       void *pIn,
>       int (*xOutput)(void *pOut, const void *pData, int nData),
>       void *pOut
>     );
>     int sqlite3changeset_start_strm(
>       sqlite3_changeset_iter **pp,
>       int (*xInput)(void *pIn, void *pData, int *pnData),
>       void *pIn
>     );
>     int sqlite3session_changeset_strm(
>       sqlite3_session *pSession,
>       int (*xOutput)(void *pOut, const void *pData, int nData),
>       void *pOut
>     );
>     int sqlite3session_patchset_strm(
>       sqlite3_session *pSession,
>       int (*xOutput)(void *pOut, const void *pData, int nData),
>       void *pOut
>     );
>     int sqlite3changegroup_add_strm(sqlite3_changegroup*,
>         int (*xInput)(void *pIn, void *pData, int *pnData),
>         void *pIn
>     );
>     int sqlite3changegroup_output_strm(sqlite3_changegroup*,
>         int (*xOutput)(void *pOut, const void *pData, int nData),
>         void *pOut
>     );

The six streaming API xxx_strm() functions serve similar purposes to the corresponding non-streaming API functions:

Streaming function | Non-streaming equivalent
--- | ---
sqlite3changeset_apply_str | sqlite3changeset_apply
sqlite3changeset_concat_str | sqlite3changeset_concat
sqlite3changeset_invert_str | sqlite3changeset_invert
sqlite3changeset_start_str | sqlite3changeset_start
sqlite3session_changeset_str | sqlite3session_changeset
sqlite3session_patchset_str | sqlite3session_patchset

Non-streaming functions that accept changesets (or patchsets) as input require that the entire changeset be stored in a single buffer in memory. Similarly, those that return a changeset or patchset do so by returning a pointer to a single large buffer allocated using sqlite3_malloc(). Normally this is convenient. However, if an application running in a low-memory environment is required to handle very large changesets, the large contiguous memory allocations required can become onerous.

In order to avoid this problem, instead of a single large buffer, input is passed to a streaming API functions by way of a callback function that the sessions module invokes to incrementally request input data as it is required. In all cases, a pair of API function parameters such as

          int nChangeset,
          void *pChangeset,

Is replaced by:

          int (*xInput)(void *pIn, void *pData, int *pnData),
          void *pIn,

Each time the xInput callback is invoked by the sessions module, the first argument passed is a copy of the supplied pIn context pointer. The second argument, pData, points to a buffer (*pnData) bytes in size. Assuming no error occurs the xInput method should copy up to (*pnData) bytes of data into the buffer and set (*pnData) to the actual number of bytes copied before returning SQLITE_OK. If the input is completely exhausted, (*pnData) should be set to zero to indicate this. Or, if an error occurs, an SQLite error code should be returned. In all cases, if an xInput callback returns an error, all processing is abandoned and the streaming API function returns a copy of the error code to the caller.

In the case of sqlite3changeset_start_strm(), the xInput callback may be invoked by the sessions module at any point during the lifetime of the iterator. If such an xInput callback returns an error, the iterator enters an error state, whereby all subsequent calls to iterator functions immediately fail with the same error code as returned by xInput.

Similarly, streaming API functions that return changesets (or patchsets) return them in chunks by way of a callback function instead of via a pointer to a single large buffer. In this case, a pair of parameters such as:

          int *pnChangeset,
          void **ppChangeset,

Is replaced by:

          int (*xOutput)(void *pOut, const void *pData, int nData),
          void *pOut

The xOutput callback is invoked zero or more times to return data to the application. The first parameter passed to each call is a copy of the pOut pointer supplied by the application. The second parameter, pData, points to a buffer nData bytes in size containing the chunk of output data being returned. If the xOutput callback successfully processes the supplied data, it should return SQLITE_OK to indicate success. Otherwise, it should return some other SQLite error code. In this case processing is immediately abandoned and the streaming API function returns a copy of the xOutput error code to the application.

The sessions module never invokes an xOutput callback with the third parameter set to a value less than or equal to zero. Other than this, no guarantees are made as to the size of the chunks of data returned.