This reference manual details the use of modules distributed with
Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS), an open source (GNU
GPL'ed), image processing and geographic information system (GIS).
| d.ask | Prompts the user to select a GRASS data base file from among files displayed in a menu on the graphics monitor. |
| d.barscale | Displays a barscale on GRASS monitor. |
| d.colorlist | Output a list of all available display colors with a configurable separator (default is comma). |
| d.colors | Allows the user to interactively change the color table |
| d.colortable | To display the color table associated with a raster map layer. |
| d.correlate | prints a graph of the correlation between data layers (in pairs) |
| d.erase | Erase the contents of the active display frame with user defined color |
| d.extend | Set window region so that all currently displayed raster, vector and sites maps can be shown in a monitor. |
| d.extract | Select and extract vectors with mouse into new vector map |
| d.font.freetype | Selects the font in which text will be displayed on the user's graphics monitor. |
| d.font | Selects the font in which text will be displayed on the user's graphics monitor. |
| d.frame | Manages display frames on the user's graphics monitor. |
| d.geodesic | Displays a geodesic line, tracing the shortest distance between two geographic points along a great circle, in a longitude/latitude data set. |
| d.graph | Program for generating and displaying simple graphics on the display monitor. |
| d.grid | Overlays a user-specified grid in the active display frame on the graphics monitor. |
| d.his | Displays the result obtained by combining hue, intensity, and saturation (his) values from user-specified input raster map layers. |
| d.histogram | Displays a histogram in the form of a pie or bar chart for a user-specified raster file. |
| d.info | Display information about the active display monitor |
| d.labels | Displays text labels (created with v.label) to the active frame on the graphics monitor. |
| d.legend | Displays a legend for a raster map in the active frame of the graphics monitor. |
| d.linegraph | Generates and displays simple line graphs in the active graphics monitor display frame. |
| d.m | Display manager for GRASS |
| d.mapgraph | Generates and displays simple graphics on map layers drawn in the active graphics monitor display frame. |
| d.measure | Measures the lengths and areas of features drawn by the user in the active display frame on the graphics monitor. |
| d.menu | Creates and displays a menu within the active frame on the graphics monitor. |
| d.mon | To establish and control use of a graphics display monitor. |
| d.monsize | Selects/starts specified monitor at specified size |
| d.mvmon | Moves displayed maps to another monitor |
| d.nviz | Create fly-through script to run in NVIZ |
| d.out.file | Saves active display monitor to graphics file in home directory |
| d.out.gpsdrive | Export display monitor to a GpsDrive compatible backdrop image |
| d.out.png | Saves active display monitor to PNG file in home directory |
| d.path | Find shortest path for selected starting and ending node |
| d.polar | Draws polar diagram of angle map such as aspect or flow directions |
| d.profile | Interactive profile plotting utility with optional output. |
| d.rast.arrow | Draws arrows representing cell aspect direction for a raster map containing aspect data. |
| d.rast.edit | d.rast.edit |
| d.rast | Displays and overlays raster map layers in the active display frame on the graphics monitor |
| d.rast.leg | Displays a raster map and its legend on a graphics window |
| d.rast.num | Overlays cell category values on a raster map layer displayed to the graphics monitor. |
| d.redraw | Redraws the current display frame in the GRASS monitor |
| d.resize | Resizes active display monitor |
| d.rgb | Displays three user-specified raster map layers as red, green, and blue overlays in the active graphics frame. |
| d.rhumbline | Displays the rhumbline joining two user-specified points, in the active frame on the user's graphics monitor. |
| d.save | Create a list of commands for recreating screen graphics. |
| d.slide.show | Slide show of GRASS raster/vector maps |
| d.split | Divides active display into two frames & displays maps/executes commands in each frame. |
| d.text.freetype | Draws text in the graphics monitor's active display frame using TrueType fonts. |
| d.text | Draws text in the active display frame on the graphics monitor using the current font. |
| d.title | Outputs a TITLE for a raster map layer in a form suitable for display by d.text. |
| d.vect.chart | Displays charts of GRASS vector data in the active frame on the graphics monitor |
| d.vect | Displays GRASS vector data in the active frame on the graphics monitor. |
| d.vect.thematic | Displays thematic vectormap |
| d.what.rast | Allows the user to interactively query the category contents of multiple raster map layers at user specified locations within the current geographic region. |
| d.what.vect | Allows the user to interactively query a vector map layer at user-selected locations within the current geographic region. |
| d.where | Identifies the geographic coordinates associated with point locations in the active frame on the graphics monitor. |
| d.zoom | Allows the user to change the current geographic region settings interactively, with a mouse. |
| r.average | Finds the average of values in a cover map within areas assigned the same category value in a user-specified base map. |
| r.basins.fill | Generates a raster map layer showing watershed subbasins. |
| r.bilinear | Bilinear interpolation utility for raster map layers. |
| r.bitpattern | Compares bit patterns with a raster map |
| r.blend | Blends color components of two raster maps by a given ratio |
| r.buffer | Creates a raster map layer showing buffer zones surrounding cells that contain non-NULL category values. |
| r.carve | Takes vector stream data, transforms it to raster, and subtracts depth from the output DEM |
| r.cats | Prints category values and labels associated with user-specified raster map layers. |
| r.circle | Creates a raster map containing concentric rings around a given point |
| r.clump | Recategorizes data in a raster map layer by grouping cells that form physically discrete areas into unique categories. |
| r.coin | Tabulates the mutual occurrence (coincidence) of categories for two raster map layers. |
| r.colors | Creates/Modifies the color table associated with a raster map layer. |
| r.composite | Combines red, green and blue map layers into a single composite map layer. |
| r.compress | Compresses and decompresses raster files. |
| r.contour | Produces a GRASS binary vector map of specified contours from GRASS raster map layer. |
| r.cost | Outputs a raster map layer showing the cumulative cost of moving between different geographic locations on an input raster map layer whose cell category values represent cost. |
| r.covar | Outputs a covariance/correlation matrix for user-specified raster map layer(s). |
| r.cross | Creates a cross product of the category values from multiple raster map layers. |
| r.describe | Prints terse list of category values found in a raster map layer. |
| r.digit | Interactive tool used to draw and save vector features on a graphics monitor using a pointing device (mouse) and save to a raster map. |
| r.distance | Locates the closest points between objects in two raster maps. |
| r.drain | Traces a flow through an elevation model on a raster map layer. |
| r.fill.dir | Filters and generates a depressionless elevation map and a flow direction map from a given elevation layer |
| r.fillnulls | Fills no-data areas in raster maps using v.surf.rst splines interpolation |
| r.flow | Construction of slope curves (flowlines), flowpath lengths, and flowline densities (upslope areas) from a raster digital elevation model (DEM) |
| r.grow | Generates a raster map layer with contiguous areas grown by one cell. |
| r.his | Generates red, green and blue raster map layers combining hue, intensity, and saturation (his) values from user-specified input raster map layers. |
| r.in.arc | Convert an ESRI ARC/INFO ascii raster file (GRID) into a (binary) raster map layer. |
| r.in.ascii | Convert an ASCII raster text file into a (binary) raster map layer. |
| r.in.aster | r.in.aster - georeferencing, rectification, and import of Terra-ASTER imagery and relative DEM's using gdalwarp |
| r.in.bin | Import a binary raster file into a GRASS raster map layer. |
| r.in.gdal | Import GDAL supported raster file into a binary raster map layer. |
| r.in.gridatb | Imports GRIDATB.FOR map file (TOPMODEL) into GRASS raster map |
| r.in.mat | Import a binary MAT-File(v4) to a GRASS raster. |
| r.in.poly | Create raster maps from ascii polygon/line data files in the current directory. |
| r.in.srtm | Import SRTM HGT files into GRASS |
| r.in.wms | Downloads and imports data from WMS servers |
| r.in.xyz | Create a raster map from an assemblage of many coordinates using univariate statistics. |
| r.info | Outputs basic information about a user-specified raster map layer. |
| r.kappa | Calculate error matrix and kappa parameter for accuracy assessment of classification result. |
| r.lake | Fills lake from seed at given level |
| r.le.patch | Calculates attribute, patch size, core (interior) size, shape, fractal dimension, and perimeter measures for sets of patches in a landscape. |
| r.le.pixel | Contains a set of measures for attributes, diversity, texture, juxtaposition, and edge. |
| r.le.setup | Interactive tool used to setup the sampling and analysis framework that will be used by the other r.le programs. |
| r.le.trace | Display the boundary of each r.le patch and show how the boundary is traced, display the attribute, size, perimeter, and shape indices for each patch, and save the data in an output file. |
| r.los | Line-of-sight raster analysis program. |
| r.mapcalc | |
| r.mapcalculator | r.mapcalculator - Calculates new raster map from r.mapcalc expression |
| r.mask | Create a MASK for limiting raster operation |
| r.median | Finds the median of values in a cover map within areas assigned the same category value in a user-specified base map. |
| r.mfilter | Raster file matrix filter. |
| r.mode | Finds the mode of values in a cover map within areas assigned the same category value in a user-specified base map. |
| r.neighbors | Makes each cell category value a function of the category values assigned to the cells around it, and stores new cell values in an output raster map layer. |
| r.null | Creates explicitly the NULL-value bitmap file. |
| r.out.arc | Converts a raster map layer into an ESRI ARCGRID file. |
| r.out.ascii | Converts a raster map layer into an ASCII text file. |
| r.out.bin | Exports a GRASS raster to a binary array. |
| r.out.gdal | Exports GRASS raster data into various formats (requires GDAL) |
| r.out.gridatb | Exports GRASS raster map to GRIDATB.FOR map file (TOPMODEL) |
| r.out.mat | Exports a GRASS raster to a binary MAT-File. |
| r.out.mpeg | Raster File Series to MPEG Conversion Program. |
| r.out.png | Export GRASS raster as non-georeferenced PNG image format. |
| r.out.pov | Converts a raster map layer into a height-field file for POVRAY. |
| r.out.ppm | Converts a GRASS raster file to a PPM image file at the pixel resolution of the CURRENTLY DEFINED REGION. |
| r.out.ppm3 | Converts 3 GRASS raster layers (R,G,B) to a PPM image file at the pixel resolution of the CURRENTLY DEFINED REGION. |
| r.out.tiff | Exports a GRASS raster file to a 8/24bit TIFF image file at the pixel resolution of the currently defined region. |
| r.out.vrml | Export a raster map to the Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) |
| r.out.vtk | Converts raster maps into the VTK-Ascii format |
| r.param.scale | Extracts terrain parameters from a DEM. Uses a multi-scalar approach by taking fitting quadratic parameters to any size window (via least squares) |
| r.patch | Creates a composite raster map layer by using known category values from one (or more) map layer(s) to fill in areas of "no data" in another map layer. |
| r.plane | Creates raster plane map given dip (inclination), aspect (azimuth), and one point |
| r.profile | Outputs the raster map layer values lying on user-defined line(s). |
| r.proj | Re-project a raster map from one location to the current location. |
| r.quant | This routine produces the quantization file for a floating-point map. |
| r.random.cells | Generates random cell values with spatial dependence. |
| r.random | Creates a raster map layer and vector point map containing randomly located sites. |
| r.random.surface | Generates random surface(s) with spatial dependence. |
| r.reclass.area | Reclasses a raster map greater or less than user specified area size (in hectares) |
| r.reclass | Creates a new map layer whose category values are based upon the user's reclassification of categories in an existing raster map layer. |
| r.recode | Recode raster maps. |
| r.region | Sets the boundary definitions for a raster map. |
| r.regression.line | Calculates linear regression from two raster maps: y = a + b*x |
| r.report | Reports statistics for raster map layers. |
| r.resamp.rst | Reinterpolates and computes topographic analysis from input raster file to a new raster file (possibly with different resolution) using regularized spline with tension and smoothing. |
| r.resample | GRASS raster map layer data resampling capability. |
| r.rescale.eq | Rescales histogram equalized the range of category values in a raster map layer. |
| r.rescale | Rescales the range of category values in a raster map layer. |
| r.ros | Generates three, or four raster map layers showing 1) the base (perpendicular) rate of spread (ROS), 2) the maximum (forward) ROS, 3) the direction of the maximum ROS, and optionally 4) the maximum potential spotting distance. |
| r.series | Makes each output cell value a function of the values assigned to the corresponding cells in the input raster map layers. |
| r.shaded.relief | Creates shaded relief map from an elevation map (DEM). |
| r.sim.sediment | Overland flow hydrologic model based on duality particle-field concept (SIMWE) |
| r.sim.water | Overland flow hydrologic model based on duality particle-field concept (SIMWE) |
| r.slope.aspect | Generates raster map layers of slope, aspect, curvatures and partial derivatives from a raster map layer of true elevation values. Aspect is calculated counterclockwise from east. |
| r.spread | Simulates elliptically anisotropic spread on a graphics window and generates a raster map of the cumulative time of spread, given raster maps containing the rates of spread (ROS), the ROS directions and the spread origins. It optionally produces raster maps to contain backlink UTM coordinates for tracing spread paths. |
| r.spreadpath | Recursively traces the least cost path backwards to cells from which the cumulative cost was determined. |
| r.statistics | Category or object oriented statistics. |
| r.stats | Generates area statistics for raster map layers. |
| r.sum | Sums up the raster cell values. |
| r.sun | Computes direct (beam), diffuse and reflected solar irradiation raster maps for given day, latitude, surface and atmospheric conditions. Solar parameters (e.g. sunrise, sunset times, declination, extraterrestrial irradiance, daylight length) are saved in the map history file. Alternatively, a local time can be specified to compute solar incidence angle and/or irradiance raster maps. The shadowing effect of the topography is optionally incorporated. |
| r.sunmask | Calculates cast shadow areas from sun position and DEM. Either A: exact sun position is specified, or B: date/time to calculate the sun position by r.sunmask itself. |
| r.support | Allows creation and/or modification of raster map layer support files. |
| r.surf.area | Surface area estimation for rasters. |
| r.surf.contour | Surface generation program from rasterized contours. |
| r.surf.fractal | Creates a fractal surface of a given fractal dimension. |
| r.surf.gauss | GRASS module to produce a raster map layer of gaussian deviates whose mean and standard deviation can be expressed by the user. It uses a gaussian random number generator. |
| r.surf.idw | Surface interpolation utility for raster map layers. |
| r.surf.idw2 | Surface generation program. |
| r.surf.random | Produces a raster map layer of uniform random deviates whose range can be expressed by the user. |
| r.terraflow | Flow computation for massive grids (Float version). |
| r.texture | Generate images with textural features from a raster map |
| r.thin | Thins non-zero cells that denote linear features in a raster map layer. |
| r.tileset | Produces tilings of the source projection for use in the destination region and projection. |
| r.timestamp | Print/add/remove a timestamp for a raster map. |
| r.to.rast3 | Converts 2D raster map slices to one 3D raster volume map |
| r.to.rast3elev | Creates a 3D volume map based on 2D elevation and value raster maps |
| r.to.vect | Converts a raster map into a vector map layer. |
| r.topidx | Creates topographic index, ln(a/tan(beta)), map from elevation map. |
| r.topmodel | Simulates TOPMODEL which is a physically based hydrologic model. |
| r.transect | Outputs raster map layer values lying along user defined transect line(s). |
| r.univar | Calculates univariate statistics from the non-null cells of a raster map. |
| r.univar.sh | calculates univariate statistics from a GRASS raster map |
| r.volume | Calculates the volume of data "clumps", and (optionally) produces a GRASS vector points map containing the calculated centroids of these clumps. |
| r.walk | Outputs a raster map layer showing the anisotropic cumulative cost of moving between different geographic locations on an input elevation raster map layer whose cell category values represent elevation combined with an input raster map layer whose cell values represent friction cost. |
| r.water.outlet | Watershed basin creation program. |
| r.watershed | Watershed basin analysis program. |
| r.what | Queries raster map layers on their category values and category labels. |
| v.buffer | Create a buffer around features of given type (areas must contain centroid). |
| v.build.all | v.build.all |
| v.build | Creates topology for GRASS vector data. |
| v.build.polylines | Build polylines from lines. |
| v.category | Attach, delete or report vector categories to map geometry. |
| v.centroids | Adds missing centroids to closed boundaries |
| v.clean | Toolset to clean vector topology |
| v.convert.all | v.convert.all |
| v.convert | Imports older versions of GRASS vector maps. |
| v.db.addcol | Adds one or more columns to the attribute table connected to a given vector map |
| v.db.addtable | Creates and adds a new attribute table to a given layer of an existing vector map. |
| v.db.connect | Prints/sets DB connection for a vector map to attribute table |
| v.db.droptable | removes existing attribute table of a vector map |
| v.db.reconnect.all | Reconnect vectors to a new database |
| v.db.select | Print vector attributes |
| v.db.update | Allows to assign a new value to a column in the attribute table connected to a given map |
| v.delaunay | Create a Delaunay triangulation from an input vector map containing points or centroids. |
| v.digit | Interactive editing and digitization of vector maps. |
| v.dissolve | Dissolve boundaries between adjacent areas sharing a common category number or attribute |
| v.distance | Find the nearest element in vector 'to' for elements in vector 'from'. Various information about this relation may be uploaded to the attribute table of input vector 'from' or printed to stdout |
| v.drape | Convert 2D vector to 3D vector by sampling of elevation raster. Default sampling by nearest neighbor |
| v.external | Create a new vector as a read-only link to OGR layer. Available drivers: |
| v.extract | Selects vector objects from an existing vector map and creates a new map containing only the selected objects. If 'list', 'file' and 'where' options are not specified, all features of given type and layer are extracted, categories are not changed in that case. |
| v.extrude | Extrudes flat vector object to 3D with defined height |
| v.hull | Uses a GRASS vector points map to produce a convex hull vector map |
| v.in.ascii | Convert GRASS ascii file or points file to binary vector. |
| v.in.db | Create new vector (points) from database table containing coordinates. |
| v.in.dxf | Converts files in DXF format to GRASS vector file format. |
| v.in.e00 | Import of E00 file into a vector map. |
| v.in.garmin | Upload Waypoints, Routes, and Tracks from a Garmin GPS receiver into a vector map. |
| v.in.gns | Imports US-NGA GEOnet Names Server (GNS) country files into a GRASS vector points map |
| v.in.gpsbabel | Import waypoints, routes, and tracks from a GPS receiver or GPS download file into a vector map. |
| v.in.mapgen | Import Mapgen or Matlab vector maps into GRASS. |
| v.in.ogr | Convert OGR vectors to GRASS. Available drivers: |
| v.in.region | Create a new vector from current region. |
| v.in.sites.all | v.in.sites.all |
| v.in.sites | Converts a GRASS site_lists file into a vector file. |
| v.info | Outputs basic information about a user-specified vector map layer. |
| v.kcv | Randomly partition points into test/train sets. |
| v.kernel | Generates a raster density map from vector points data using a moving 2D isotropic Gaussian kernel or optionally generates a vector density map on vector network with a 1D kernel |
| v.label | Create paint labels for GRASS vector file and attached attributes. |
| v.lidar.correction | Correction of the v.lidar.growing output. It is the last of the three algorithms for LIDAR filtering |
| v.lidar.edgedetection | Detect the object's edges from a LIDAR data set. |
| v.lidar.growing | Building contour determination and Region Growing algorithm for determining the building inside |
| v.lrs.create | Create Linear Reference System |
| v.lrs.label | Create stationing from input lines, and linear reference system |
| v.lrs.segment | Create points/segments from input lines, linear reference system and positions read from stdin or a file |
| v.lrs.where | Find line id and real km+offset for given points in vector map using linear reference system |
| v.mkgrid | Creates a (binary) GRASS vector map of a user-defined grid. |
| v.neighbors | Makes each cell value a function of the attribute values assigned to the vector points or centroids around it, and stores new cell values in an output raster map layer. |
| v.net.alloc | Allocate subnets for nearest centres (direction from centre). Centre node must be opened (costs >= 0). Costs of centre node are used in calculation |
| v.net | Network maintenance. |
| v.net.iso | Split net to bands between cost isolines (direction from centre). Centre node must be opened (costs >= 0). Costs of centre node are used in calculation |
| v.net.path | Find shortest path on vector network. |
| v.net.salesman | Create a cycle connecting given nodes (Traveling salesman problem). Note that TSP is NP-hard, heuristic algorithm is used by this module and created cycle may be sub optimal. |
| v.net.steiner | Create Steiner tree for the network and given terminals. Note that 'Minimum Steiner Tree' problem is NP-hard and heuristic algorithm is used in this module so the the result may be sub optimal. |
| v.normal | Tests for normality for points. |
| v.out.ascii | Convert a GRASS binary vector map to a GRASS ASCII vector map |
| v.out.dxf | Exports GRASS vector files to DXF file format. |
| v.out.ogr | Convert to one of the supported OGR vector formats. |
| v.out.pov | Convert to POV-Ray format, GRASS x,y,z -> POV-Ray x,z,y |
| v.out.vtk | Convert a GRASS binary vector map to VTK ASCII output |
| v.outlier | Removes outliers from vector point data |
| v.overlay | Overlay 2 vector maps. |
| v.parallel | Create parallel line to input lines. |
| v.patch | Creates a new binary vector map layer by combining other binary vector map layers. |
| v.perturb | Random location perturbations of GRASS vector points |
| v.proj | Allows projection conversion of vector files. |
| v.qcount | indices for quadrat counts of sites lists |
| v.random | Randomly generate a 2D/3D GRASS vector points map. |
| v.rast.stats | Calculates univariate statistics from a GRASS raster map based on vector polygons and uploads statistics to new attribute columns |
| v.reclass | Changes vector category values for an existing vector map according to results of SQL queries or a value in attribute table column. |
| v.report | Reports geometry statistics for vectors. |
| v.sample | Sample a raster file at site locations |
| v.segment | Create points/segments from input lines and and positions. |
| v.select | Select features from ainput by features from binput |
| v.split | Split lines to shorter segments. |
| v.surf.bspline | Bicubic or bilinear spline interpolation with Tykhonov regularization |
| v.surf.idw | Surface interpolation from vector point data by Inverse Distance Squared Weighting. |
| v.surf.rst | Spatial approximation and topographic analysis from given point or isoline data in vector format to floating point raster format using regularized spline with tension. |
| v.to.db | Load values from vector to database. In uploaded/printed category values '-1' is used for 'no category' and 'null'/'-' if category cannot be found or multiple categories were found. |
| v.to.points | Create points along input lines. |
| v.to.rast | Converts a binary GRASS vector map layer into a GRASS raster map layer. |
| v.to.rast3 | Converts a binary GRASS vector map (only points) layer into a 3D GRASS raster map layer. |
| v.transform | Transforms an vector map layer from one coordinate system into another coordinate system. |
| v.type | Change the type of geometry elements. |
| v.univar | Calculates univariate statistics for attribute. Variance and standard deviation is calculated only for points if specified |
| v.univar.sh | Calculates univariate statistics on selected table column for a GRASS vector map |
| v.vol.rst | Interpolates point data to a G3D grid volume using regularized spline with tension (RST) algorithm |
| v.voronoi | Create a Voronoi diagram from an input vector map containing points or centroids. |
| v.what | Queries a vector map layer at given locations |
| v.what.rast | Uploads raster values at positions of vector points to the table |
| v.what.vect | Uploads vector values at positions of vector points to the table |
